A tumor-promoting inflammatory SPP1+ macrophage—IL-6—CRP axis drives immune dysfunction in bladder cancer
Cancer Discovery (2026)
In bladder cancer as well, poor immunotherapy response is associated with macrophages (SPP1+) that maintain inflammation (IL-6/CRP) and suppress T-cells.
The overrepresentation of SPP1+ indicates an immunosuppressive TAM environment, and such an environment belongs to the same immunosuppressive macrophage field that Clever-1 is also associated with.
So, it’s not directly a Clever-1 paper, but this also reinforces the idea that the problem is not just in the T-cells but in the macrophage environment.