Prison conditions and punishments are an interesting topic. On the one hand, there are studies (which I haven’t read myself) suggesting that light sentences and the reintegration of prisoners into normal society have yielded good results. These results, to my understanding, come from the Nordic countries and seemingly from the late 20th century, but they might have been conducted later, I don’t know. These have probably been a fairly generally accepted guideline in Finland too, and I, for one, have considered them quite sensible. This is further supported by results from the US, to my understanding, which indicate that when punishments are made harsher, crimes become more brutal, because serious criminals find it worthwhile to start killing potential witnesses, etc.
Societal experiments are always difficult because one cannot test them in laboratory conditions or go back in time to see what would have happened if a different choice had been made. Then, in the Philippines, Duterte took an extremely tough stance, and to my understanding, El Salvador adopted a similar approach a few years ago. According to the Nordic model, this should have led, to my understanding, to worse criminality and more brutal crimes, but instead, it appears that societies in both places have become safer.
How should this be interpreted? I believe, without better information, that criminality and criminals are not a homogeneous group. Perhaps in the Nordic countries, due to a relatively functional society, crime has been concentrated on milder offenses, and in this context, reintegration has worked. However, for hardened gang criminals, etc., this approach is a complete disaster, and to my understanding, serious crime is disproportionately concentrated among a very small group, so that, for example, the vast majority of murders, homicides, robberies, etc., are committed by a truly small group. Based on the examples of the Philippines and El Salvador, it seems that if this small group is put behind bars with a heavy hand, the outcome is good?
How then should one balance these approaches, for example, in Finland? Should a big distinction be made between the treatment of “hardened” criminals and, say, first-time offenders? Who defines what a “hardened” criminal is? In the US, some states have apparently sought this type of approach by imposing life sentences for a third offense. This too has had its own problems, but that’s probably the case in all situations, and in my opinion, in such matters, the benefit of society takes precedence over the self-interest of criminals, but this is indeed a difficult dilemma and mostly just speculation.