https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-026-03743-7
A recent high-quality US study identifies the SPP1–TWIST1–SPON2 axis as a central mechanism in the spread of colorectal cancer. It is a self-reinforcing loop that connects the stroma, metastasis, and immune suppression. It accelerates tumor progression, increases tissue hardening (fibrosis), and prevents the immune system from accessing the tumor.
Bex affects the macrophages that produce SPP1, and when this supply is reduced, the entire chain weakens.